Cultivation without rotation

Cultivation without ploughing, where all tools other than the plough are allowed. Loosener, grubber, combiner, short disc, ploughshares. Common feature is that they work only vertically, loosening, no rotation, possibly minimal mixing. Here too, the aim is to minimise soil disturbance. The appropriate depth of cultivation should be determined by mechanically testing the soil layers, even before each cultivation. For this test, a shovel, a farmer's hoe or a penetrometer is used. The analysis is aided by all our senses and experience.