{"id":11001,"date":"2025-10-19T23:53:02","date_gmt":"2025-10-19T21:53:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tmg.hu\/?p=11001"},"modified":"2026-01-21T14:59:37","modified_gmt":"2026-01-21T13:59:37","slug":"mitoza-humusu-a-opatovna-analyza-podnej-organickej-hmoty","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tmg.hu\/sk\/mitoza-humusu-a-opatovna-analyza-podnej-organickej-hmoty\/","title":{"rendered":"M\u00fdtus o humuse a nov\u00fd v\u00fdklad organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok v p\u00f4de"},"content":{"rendered":"

P\u00f4da sa dlho pova\u017eovala za ak\u00fasi \u201e\u010diernu skrinku\u201d, v ktorej rastlinn\u00e9 zvy\u0161ky prech\u00e1dzaj\u00fa popri biodegrad\u00e1cii z\u00e1hadnou chemickou premenou, \u010d\u00edm vznik\u00e1 humus, jedna z najd\u00f4le\u017eitej\u0161\u00edch a takmer magick\u00fdch zlo\u017eiek p\u00f4dy. Klasick\u00e1 te\u00f3ria humusu, zalo\u017een\u00e1 na chemickej synt\u00e9ze \u0165a\u017eko rozlo\u017eite\u013en\u00fdch organick\u00fdch l\u00e1tok, ur\u010dovala myslenie p\u00f4doznalcov po\u010das posledn\u00fdch dvoch storo\u010d\u00ed. V\u00fdskum v posledn\u00fdch desa\u0165ro\u010diach v\u0161ak tento obraz z\u00e1sadne spochybnil.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pod\u013ea najnov\u0161\u00edch vedeck\u00fdch zisten\u00ed nie je p\u00f4dny humus dlhodobo chemicky stabiln\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, ale neust\u00e1le sa meniaca zmes organick\u00fdch zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edn v r\u00f4znych stavoch. \u010ciasto\u010dne ide o pozostatky odumret\u00fdch organizmov a \u010diasto\u010dne o mikrobi\u00e1lne metabolity, ktor\u00fdch osud do ve\u013ekej miery z\u00e1vis\u00ed od fyzik\u00e1lneho prostredia: bu\u010f s\u00fa pr\u00edstupn\u00e9 rozkladaj\u00facim sa organizmom, alebo sa st\u00e1vaj\u00fa trvalej\u0161\u00edmi, ke\u010f s\u00fa zachyten\u00e9 v miner\u00e1lnych povrchoch alebo agreg\u00e1toch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tento posun v pr\u00edstupe znamen\u00e1 aj radik\u00e1lne nov\u00fd smer v hospod\u00e1ren\u00ed s p\u00f4dou: k\u013e\u00fa\u010dom k zachovaniu organickej hmoty je \u010do najviac sa vyhn\u00fa\u0165 naru\u0161eniu p\u00f4dy, aby sa ochr\u00e1nili \u017eivotn\u00e9 procesy a fyzik\u00e1lna \u0161trukt\u00fara p\u00f4dy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mikrobiologick\u00e9 korene: p\u00f4da ako vonkaj\u0161\u00ed tr\u00e1viaci syst\u00e9m<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Anne Bikl\u00e9 <\/em>a David Montgomery<\/em> (2016): p\u00f4da nie je samostatn\u00fd organizmus, ale v mnoh\u00fdch oh\u013eadoch funguje ako vonkaj\u0161\u00ed \u010drevn\u00fd syst\u00e9m. Mikroorganizmy, ktor\u00e9 \u017eij\u00fa v p\u00f4de zb\u00faran\u00e9 a transformovan\u00e9<\/a> organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 sa potom st\u00e1vaj\u00fa \u017eivinami, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eu rastliny absorbova\u0165.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rovnak\u00e1 mikrobi\u00e1lna logika funguje aj v \u013eudsk\u00fdch \u010drev\u00e1ch, okolo kore\u0148ov rastl\u00edn a v p\u00f4de: mikr\u00f3by z\u00edskavaj\u00fa a transformuj\u00fa zl\u00fa\u010deniny, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9 pre ich hostite\u013eov (\u013eud\u00ed, zvierat\u00e1 alebo rastliny). Tento pr\u00edstup k mikrobi\u00f3mu sp\u00f4sobuje revol\u00faciu v na\u0161om ch\u00e1pan\u00ed p\u00f4dy: Obrat organickej hmoty v p\u00f4de nemo\u017eno oddeli\u0165 od metabolizmu \u017eiv\u00fdch organizmov.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zb\u00faranie te\u00f3rie chme\u013eu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Tradi\u010dn\u00fd n\u00e1zor je, \u017ee odoln\u00fd humus sa sklad\u00e1 z ve\u013ek\u00fdch molek\u00fal chemicky stabiln\u00fdch polym\u00e9rov, ktor\u00e9 odol\u00e1vaj\u00fa rozkladu a zost\u00e1vaj\u00fa v p\u00f4de po st\u00e1ro\u010dia. Naopak Markus Kleber<\/em> a John Lehmann<\/em> Publikovan\u00e9 v roku 2015 v \u010dasopise Nature \u201eSporn\u00e1 povaha p\u00f4dnej organickej hmoty<\/em>\u201d, pouk\u00e1zali na to, \u017ee neexistuj\u00fa \u017eiadne presved\u010div\u00e9 d\u00f4kazy pre humusov\u00fd materi\u00e1l<\/a>syntetizova\u0165 pr\u00ed\u010dinu v tejto podobe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pod\u013ea autorov nie je organick\u00e1 hmota v p\u00f4de s\u00faborom samostatn\u00fdch, stabiln\u00fdch zl\u00fa\u010den\u00edn, ale zmesou organick\u00fdch molek\u00fal, ktor\u00e9 sa neust\u00e1le rozkladaj\u00fa a menia. K\u013e\u00fa\u010dom k trvanlivosti nie je chemick\u00e1 odolnos\u0165, ale skuto\u010dnos\u0165, \u017ee organick\u00e1 hmota je fyzicky nepr\u00edstupn\u00e1 pre rozkladaj\u00face sa organizmy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Model p\u00f4dneho kontinua<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A\u00a0Lehmann-Glue<\/em>-pr\u00edstup vyr\u00e1stol z\u00a0Model p\u00f4dneho kontinua<\/em>, pod\u013ea ktorej neexistuje ostr\u00e1 hranica medzi \u010derstvou organickou hmotou, medziproduktmi a \u201ehumusom\u201d. Organick\u00e1 hmota je v neust\u00e1lom pohybe a v\u017edy z\u00e1vis\u00ed od toho, \u010di k nej maj\u00fa pr\u00edstup mikr\u00f3by, alebo \u010di zost\u00e1va uv\u00e4znen\u00e1. Tento sp\u00f4sob myslenia nahr\u00e1dza predch\u00e1dzaj\u00facu paradigmu \u201estabiln\u00e9ho humusu\u201d a poskytuje dynamick\u00fd, sie\u0165ov\u00fd poh\u013ead na organick\u00fa hmotu v p\u00f4de.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Fyzick\u00e1 ochrana: z\u00e1ruka odoln\u00e9ho organick\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Trvanlivos\u0165 teda nie je chemick\u00e1 m\u00e1gia, ale fyzik\u00e1lna ochrana. Jennifer Dungait<\/em> a spolupracovn\u00edci<\/em> (2012) experiment\u00e1lne preuk\u00e1zali, \u017ee osud organickej hmoty je hlavne pr\u00edstupnos\u0165 pre mikr\u00f3by<\/strong> z\u00e1visl\u00e9. To mo\u017eno dosiahnu\u0165 prostredn\u00edctvom dvoch hlavn\u00fdch mechanizmov:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Prichytenie na miner\u00e1ly: organick\u00e9 molekuly sa adsorbuj\u00fa na povrch \u00edlov\u00fdch miner\u00e1lov a oxidov, kam sa mikr\u00f3by \u0165a\u017e\u0161ie dost\u00e1vaj\u00fa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Mikroagreg\u00e1cia: mal\u00e9 drobky, ktor\u00e9 sa tvoria v \u0161trukt\u00fare p\u00f4dy, fyzicky blokuj\u00fa organick\u00fa hmotu pred rozkladaj\u00facimi sa organizmami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

To vysvet\u013euje, pre\u010do naru\u0161enie p\u00f4dy vedie k r\u00fdchlej strate uhl\u00edka: orba rozb\u00edja agreg\u00e1ty a uvo\u013e\u0148uje predt\u00fdm chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, ktor\u00e9 sa potom r\u00fdchlo rozkladaj\u00fa a uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa do atmosf\u00e9ry vo forme oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Korene a mikr\u00f3by: zdroje organickej hmoty<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Kore\u0148ov\u00fd syst\u00e9m rastl\u00edn a kore\u0148ov\u00e9 exsud\u00e1ty zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri tvorbe perzistentnej organickej hmoty. \u017div\u00e9 korene nepretr\u017eite uvo\u013e\u0148uj\u00fa do p\u00f4dy organick\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny, ktor\u00e9 vy\u017eivuj\u00fa mikrobi\u00e1lne spolo\u010denstv\u00e1. Tieto mikr\u00f3by rozkladaj\u00fa organick\u00fa hmotu a potom ju prostredn\u00edctvom svojich vlastn\u00fdch tiel a metabolitov za\u010dle\u0148uj\u00fa do p\u00f4dneho fondu organickej hmoty. V po\u013enohospod\u00e1rskej praxi to znamen\u00e1, \u017ee pr\u00edtomnos\u0165 trval\u00e9ho \u017eiv\u00e9ho kore\u0148ov\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu (napr. prostredn\u00edctvom kryc\u00edch plod\u00edn) nielen chr\u00e1ni p\u00f4du pred er\u00f3ziou, ale poskytuje aj trval\u00fd zdroj organickej hmoty.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Humus alebo organick\u00e1 hmota?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u201eObsah humusu%\u201d vo v\u00fdsledkoch p\u00f4dneho testu je v skuto\u010dnosti \u00fadajom o celkovom obsahu organickej hmoty vo vzorke. V laborat\u00f3ri\u00e1ch sa organick\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny uhl\u00edka v p\u00f4de zvy\u010dajne oxiduj\u00fa bichr\u00f3manom, z\u00e1sadou kyseliny s\u00edrovej. Farba roztoku sa meria kolorimetricky a v\u00fdsledok sa pou\u017e\u00edva na odvodenie mno\u017estva uhl\u00edka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdsledn\u00e1 hodnota sa vyn\u00e1sob\u00ed koeficientom (1,724), ktor\u00fd vych\u00e1dza z predpokladu: toto \u010d\u00edslo zoh\u013ead\u0148uje pribli\u017en\u00fd pomer kysl\u00edka, vod\u00edka a \u010fal\u0161\u00edch prvkov. Proces je teda zalo\u017een\u00fd na silnej oxida\u010dnej de\u0161trukcii, ktor\u00e1 rozp\u00fa\u0161\u0165a v\u0161etky organick\u00e9 l\u00e1tky, \u017eiv\u00e9 aj ne\u017eiv\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Preto ke\u010f hovor\u00edme o \u201eobsahu humusu\u201d na z\u00e1klade laborat\u00f3rnej anal\u00fdzy, v skuto\u010dnosti hovor\u00edme o percentu\u00e1lny podiel celkovej organickej hmoty<\/strong> si cen\u00edme. Patria sem rastlinn\u00e9 a \u017eivo\u010d\u00ed\u0161ne pozostatky, mikroorganizmy \u017eivej a m\u0155tvej biomasy,<\/strong> mikrobi\u00e1lne metabolity, ako aj organick\u00e9 zl\u00fa\u010deniny, ktor\u00e9 sa dlhodobo chr\u00e1nia, \u010diasto\u010dne t\u00fdm, \u017ee sa via\u017eu na miner\u00e1lne \u010dastice alebo v p\u00f3roch agreg\u00e1tov. Vzh\u013eadom na to by bolo vhodn\u00e9 pova\u017eova\u0165 pojmy \u201ehumus\u201d a \u201eorganick\u00e1 hmota\u201d za synonym\u00e1 a roz\u0161\u00edri\u0165 tento pojem na v\u0161etky \u017eiv\u00e9 a m\u0155tve organick\u00e9 zlo\u017eky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Model kontinuity p\u00f4dy pod\u013ea Lehmanna a Klebera<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mikrobi\u00e1lny p\u00f4vod p\u00f4dnej organickej hmoty<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdznamn\u00e1 \u010das\u0165 p\u00f4dnej organickej hmoty, najm\u00e4 perzistentn\u00e9 frakcie organickej hmoty, je mikrobi\u00e1lneho p\u00f4vodu. Metabolity mikroorganizmov s\u00fa bunkov\u00e9 steny a produkty rozkladu odumret\u00fdch jedincov, ktor\u00e9 sa v priebehu dlh\u00e9ho obdobia zabudov\u00e1vaj\u00fa do p\u00f4dnej matrice. Perzistentn\u00e1 organick\u00e1 hmota teda nepoch\u00e1dza priamo z rastl\u00edn, ale udr\u017eiava sa v\u010faka mikrobi\u00e1lnej \u010dinnosti, pri\u010dom zohr\u00e1va k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00fa \u00falohu pri ukladan\u00ed uhl\u00edka a \u00farodnosti p\u00f4dy (Miltner a kol.,<\/em>\u00a02012;\u00a0Dohnalkov\u00e1 a kol.,<\/em>\u00a02017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010co to znamen\u00e1 v praxi?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Praktick\u00e9 posolstvo vedeck\u00fdch zisten\u00ed je jasn\u00e9:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Mus\u00edme obmedzi\u0165 fluffing. A regenera\u010dn\u00e9 met\u00f3dy<\/a> a syst\u00e9my bez obr\u00e1bania p\u00f4dy s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Je potrebn\u00e9 zabezpe\u010di\u0165 trval\u00e9 zakorenenie. Po\u010das vegeta\u010dn\u00e9ho obdobia a mimo neho prostredn\u00edctvom kryc\u00edch plod\u00edn, pestr\u00e9ho striedania plod\u00edn, medziplod\u00edn a trval\u00fdch zlo\u017eiek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- \u017divot v p\u00f4de je potrebn\u00e9 vy\u017eivova\u0165. Ponechan\u00edm zvy\u0161kov stoniek na mieste, udr\u017eiavan\u00edm st\u00e1leho rastlinn\u00e9ho krytu, poskytovan\u00edm rozmanit\u00fdch produktov fotosynt\u00e9zy a kore\u0148ov\u00fdch exud\u00e1tov prostredn\u00edctvom r\u00f4znorodej veget\u00e1cie a minimalizovan\u00edm chemick\u00e9ho za\u0165a\u017eenia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prax Zdru\u017eenia po\u013enohospod\u00e1rov pre obnovu p\u00f4dy tie\u017e ukazuje, \u017ee upustenie od obr\u00e1bania p\u00f4dy a podporova\u0165 pr\u00edrodn\u00e9 procesy.<\/a> zachova\u0165 a dlhodobo zvy\u0161ova\u0165 z\u00e1soby organickej hmoty v p\u00f4de. Je v\u0161ak d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 vedie\u0165, \u017ee regenera\u010dn\u00e9 cvi\u010denia<\/strong> zlep\u0161\u00ed \u0161trukt\u00faru p\u00f4dy, zadr\u017eiavanie vody a hospod\u00e1renie s \u017eivinami ove\u013ea sk\u00f4r ako v\u00fdrazn\u00e1 zmena obsahu humusu. Laborat\u00f3rne testy humusu% ukazuj\u00fa celkov\u00fd obsah organickej hmoty v p\u00f4de, ale na pochopenie aktu\u00e1lnej biologickej aktivity a z\u00e1sob \u013eahko dostupn\u00e9ho uhl\u00edka v p\u00f4de sa oplat\u00ed mera\u0165 aj labiln\u00fd alebo akt\u00edvny uhl\u00edk (POXC), ktor\u00fd r\u00fdchlej\u0161ie reaguje na zlep\u0161enie stavu p\u00f4dy (pozri r\u00e1m\u010dek ni\u017e\u0161ie).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u017div\u00e1, nenaru\u0161en\u00e1 p\u00f4da bohat\u00e1 na humus, pokryt\u00e1 trvalou veget\u00e1ciou<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Humus nie je magick\u00e1, chemicky stabiln\u00e1 l\u00e1tka, ale be\u017en\u00fd produkt p\u00f4dnej bioty a fyzik\u00e1lnej \u0161trukt\u00fary. Mikrobi\u00e1lna aktivita a fyzik\u00e1lna ochrana s\u00fa nevyhnutn\u00e9 na tvorbu trvanlivej organickej hmoty. Toto poznanie otv\u00e1ra nov\u00fd sp\u00f4sob hospod\u00e1renia s p\u00f4dou: namiesto toho, aby sme sa sna\u017eili \u201evytvori\u0165 humus\u201d pomocou vonkaj\u0161\u00edch vstupov, mus\u00edme udr\u017eiava\u0165 \u017eivot v p\u00f4de, chr\u00e1ni\u0165 jej ne\u0161trukt\u00farovan\u00fa \u0161trukt\u00faru a zabezpe\u010di\u0165 kontinuitu kore\u0148ov. Koniec koncov, \u017eiv\u00e1 veget\u00e1cia m\u00f4\u017ee produkova\u0165 organick\u00fa hmotu, ktor\u00e1 vy\u017eivuje \u017eivot v p\u00f4de a ktor\u00e1 v kone\u010dnom d\u00f4sledku vytv\u00e1ra ve\u013ek\u00fa \u010das\u0165 trval\u00e9ho humusu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dodr\u017eiavan\u00edm uveden\u00fdch z\u00e1sad nielen\u017ee zachov\u00e1vame obsah organickej hmoty v p\u00f4de, ale aj dlhodobo zlep\u0161ujeme v\u00fd\u017eivov\u00fa hodnotu na\u0161ich potrav\u00edn a prispievame k zmier\u0148ovaniu klimatick\u00fdch zmien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Metabolity mikroorganizmov s\u00fa bunkov\u00e9 steny a produkty rozkladu odumret\u00fdch jedincov, ktor\u00e9 sa dlhodobo za\u010dle\u0148uj\u00fa do p\u00f4dnej matrice<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Akt\u00edvne uhlie - \u201er\u00fdchlo sa pohybuj\u00faca\u201d organick\u00e1 hmota v p\u00f4de<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akt\u00edvny uhl\u00edk, zn\u00e1my aj ako manganistanom oxidovate\u013en\u00fd uhl\u00edk (POXC), je \u013eahko dostupn\u00e1, mikrobi\u00e1lne akt\u00edvna frakcia p\u00f4dneho uhl\u00edka, ktor\u00e1 r\u00fdchlo reaguje na opatrenia v oblasti hospod\u00e1renia s p\u00f4dou. Tento koncept zaviedol Ray R. Weil a jeho kolegovia v roku 2003, ktor\u00ed navrhli jednoduch\u00fa a citliv\u00fa laborat\u00f3rnu a ter\u00e9nnu met\u00f3du na zis\u0165ovanie akt\u00edvneho uhl\u00edka.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Meranie pozost\u00e1va z kr\u00e1tkodob\u00e9ho o\u0161etrenia p\u00f4dnej vzorky miernou bichr\u00f3manovou alebo manganistanov\u00e1 oxid\u00e1ciou (pribli\u017ene 2 min\u00faty) a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9ho merania poklesu intenzity manganistanov\u00e9ho sfarbenia pomocou spektrofotometra. T\u00fdmto postupom reaguj\u00fa len naj\u013eah\u0161ie oxidovate\u013en\u00e9, labiln\u00e9 formy uhl\u00edka vr\u00e1tane \u010derstv\u00fdch rastlinn\u00fdch zvy\u0161kov, kore\u0148ov\u00fdch exsud\u00e1tov a mikrobi\u00e1lnych metabolitov, ktor\u00e9 s\u00fa priamym zdrojom energie a \u017eiv\u00edn pre p\u00f4dne mikrobi\u00e1lne spolo\u010denstvo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Akt\u00edvny uhl\u00edk je preto \u201er\u00fdchlo sa pohybuj\u00facou menou\u201d p\u00f4dy: jeho mno\u017estvo r\u00fdchlo odr\u00e1\u017ea vplyv postupov hospod\u00e1renia, ako je striedanie plod\u00edn, krycie plodiny alebo resuspenzia organickej hmoty. Lep\u0161ie koreluje s mikrobi\u00e1lnou aktivitou, respir\u00e1ciou p\u00f4dy a stabilitou agreg\u00e1tov ako celkov\u00e1 organick\u00e1 hmota, \u010do z neho rob\u00ed ide\u00e1lny ukazovate\u013e na ka\u017edodenn\u00e9 monitorovanie stavu p\u00f4dy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odkazy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Lehmann, J., & Kleber, M. (2015) Sporn\u00e1 povaha p\u00f4dnej organickej hmoty. Nature, 528, 60-68.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dungait, J. A. J., Hopkins, D. W., Gregory, A. S., & Whitmore, A. P. (2012). soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance. global change biology, 18(6), 1781-1796.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Montgomery, D. R., & Bikl\u00e9, A. (2016) The Hidden Half of Nature: The Microbial Roots of Life and Health (Skryt\u00e1 polovica pr\u00edrody: mikrobi\u00e1lne korene \u017eivota a zdravia), W. W. Norton & Company.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weil, R. R., Islam, K. R., Stine, M. A., Gruver, J. B., & Samson-Liebig, S. E. (2003). Estimating active carbon for soil quality assessment: a simplified method for laboratory and field use. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 18(1), 3-17. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/AJAA200228<\/em><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miltner, A., Bombach, P., Schmidt-Br\u00fccken, B., & K\u00e4stner, M. (2012). SOM genesis: Microbial biomass as a significant source. Biogeochemistry, 111(1-3), 41-55. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10533\u2011012\u20119762\u20114<\/em><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dohnalkov\u00e1, A. C., Tfaily, M. M., Smith, A. P., Chu, R. K., Crump, A. R., Brislawn, C. J., Varga, T., Shi, Z., Thomashow, L. S., Harsh, J. B., & Keller, C. K. (2017).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Molecular and Microscopic Insights into the Formation of Soil Organic Matter in a Red Pine Rhizosphere, Soils, 1(1), 4. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/soils1010004<\/em><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weil, R. R., Islam, K. R., Stine, M. A., Gruver, J. B., & Samson-Liebig, S. E. (2003). Estimating active carbon for soil quality assessment: a simplified method for laboratory and field use. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 67(3), 968-979. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssaj2003.9680ResearchGate<\/em><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AUTOR: V\u00cdG VIT\u00c1LIA \u2022 P\u00d4DNY EKOLOG, MANA\u017d\u00c9R VZDEL\u00c1VACIEHO PROGRAMU PRE ASOCI\u00c1CIU PO\u013dNOHOSPOD\u00c1ROV ZA REGENER\u00c1CIU P\u00d4DY, ZAKLADATE\u013d TERRAVITKA
Fotografie: shutterstock.com<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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