{"id":11941,"date":"2026-05-26T10:28:41","date_gmt":"2026-05-26T08:28:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tmg.hu\/?p=11941"},"modified":"2026-05-26T10:30:54","modified_gmt":"2026-05-26T08:30:54","slug":"the-soil-is-the-most-important-tool-for-the-careful-farmer","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tmg.hu\/en\/a-talaj-elolenyei-a-gondos-gazda-legfontosabb-szovetsegesei\/","title":{"rendered":"Soil organisms are the most important allies of the careful farmer"},"content":{"rendered":"

Long live the soil!<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soils are being degraded faster than ever by two agricultural practices: tillage - especially deep ploughing - and the use of agrochemicals and fertilisers. The first destroys the soil structure, destroying the habitat of soil organisms, while the chemicals destroy soil-dwelling organisms.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eIn most cases it is man himself who spoils the soil when he destroys it by improper cultivation at the wrong time. To avoid this, the first prerequisite is to look at our soil from a biological point of view.\u201d<\/em> - sounds el Adolf Manninger<\/em> Published in 1957, \u201eShallow cultivation of soil<\/em>\u201d, written for practising farmers, which is still relevant today. Unfortunately, the growth of machinery and chemicals in the more than half century since it was published has obscured a harsh reality: as yields have risen, our country's fertile soils have been in a state of ominous decline, while the nutritional value of our food has become ever poorer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As long as we see the soil as an inanimate medium whose only function is to support the plant, we cannot understand the vital role of the organisms that live in it. The fundamental engine of every soil function is the invisible living organisms that live within it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soil organisms: the hidden drivers of fertility<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

There is now no doubt that a soil<\/a> organisms - especially micro-organisms - are the invisible engine of soil fertility. Ultimately, plant growth depends on a wide range of functions carried out by an extremely diverse range of organisms living in the soil, on plants and in the root zone. It is important to stress, however, that there are still huge gaps in our knowledge, particularly in the \u201emicro\u201d dimension of soil biology. Conventional culture methods have only been able to detect 1-5% of soil bacteria, while genetic studies have revealed that soil biota are much more diverse than ever thought. And since we are talking about a world whose understanding is largely limited by the technology available, we must approach this vast and diverse world, to which we ultimately owe our very existence, with the greatest humility. The soil microbiome is indispensable for soil renewal, but it is also a huge, unexplored resource with enormous potential for making future production systems more sustainable and resilient.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soil functions: nutrients, structure, water retention and protection<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

When we start to understand the complex world of soil, we can see that many factors contribute to the optimal functioning of healthy soil. Physical and chemical parameters cannot be interpreted without taking biological factors into account, as soil biological interactions play a key role in the operation of vital soil functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Degradation of organic matter and humus formation<\/a> support: decomposing plant residues and other organic matter; building and maintaining humus; increasing soil nutrient and water retention capacity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Recovery, storage and cycling of nutrients: fixing atmospheric nitrogen; converting soil minerals to soluble form; providing nutrients that can be taken up by plants.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Design of soil structure and aggregates: improving soil friability, porosity and stability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Promoting water and gas circulation: ensuring proper water movement and aeration through soil structure improvement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

-Plant protection and food web maintenance: control of pests and pathogens; maintenance of a complex food web for soil life by providing food for predators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Not a food chain, but a network<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The picture from primary school biology lessons is that living things are organised in a simple food chain, with humans at the top. The reality<\/a> but it is much more complex than that: in nature, organisms are interconnected in complex food webs, where each organism has a place and a role to play in the functioning of the system as a whole. As humans, we have a huge responsibility for how we use the resources available to us. Do we build or destroy? Are we able to recognise the patterns of nature and manage in harmony with the ecosystem?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The key elements of the soil food web are organisms that are able to fix atmospheric carbon: plants, algae, lichens, mosses and certain groups of bacteria. During photosynthesis, plants use light energy to produce organic carbon compounds from CO\u2082 and water, while producing oxygen. They are the primary producers. They bring the basic building block of organic life, carbon, into the living system and not only use it to build their own organisms, but also use it as the most important \u201ecurrency\u201d in their symbiotic relationships. Some of the carbon sequestered is released into the soil as root exudates, directly feeding the bacteria living in the rhizosphere<\/a>; some of them become dead plant remains that feed the decomposing organisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The way to think of this living system is that all the carbon that is sequestered by primary producers somehow or other passes through a random line in the food web and one day becomes carbon dioxide again. The question here is who eats what or who eats whom. As we are talking about a world whose understanding is largely limited by the technology available, we must approach this vast and diverse world of life, to which we ultimately owe our very existence, with the utmost humility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In agricultural ecosystems, inputs of organic matter from outside, such as compost and stable manure<\/a> - also provide a carbon source for this living system. When organisms living in the soil break down organic matter or consume other living things, nutrients are constantly being converted from one form to another. Some of the nutrients are temporarily sequestered in their bodies, while others are returned to the soil during their metabolism, making them available again to plants and other soil-dwelling organisms. Plants - whether grasses, vegetables or fruit crops - obtain nutrients through interactions in the soil microbial food web.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What organisms live in the soil?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Bacteria are the most abundant and diverse of the single-celled organisms in soil. In a single gram of healthy soil they can number up to 10 billion, while in an eviscerated agricultural soil they can number less than 100 million. The few dozen strains of bacteria that we are able to isolate today, grow industrially and make available as products dwarf the tens of thousands of bacterial species present in a healthy soil ecosystem. The most valuable bacteria for agriculture are those that can fix nitrogen, solubilise phosphorus in the soil, break down organic matter and promote humus formation. Equally important are the microbes that protect plants from pathogens, improve soil structure, promote root growth and stress tolerance. A Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Rhizobium<\/em> and Streptomyces<\/em> nationalities are particularly prominent players.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bacteria are a typical food of the higher organisms in the food web, with a much higher carbon-to-nitrogen ratio than other organisms. When the bacteria are consumed, the excreted metabolic product is a source of nutrients that the plant can use directly. Symbiotic and endophytic bacteria supply nutrients directly to the plant by forming root nodules or by penetrating into the root. Another vital role of bacteria is to bind soil particles and microscopic fragments of organic matter into microaggregates, which form the basis of the soil's crumbly structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soil fungi are multicellular organisms that grow as filamentous hyphae and form networks in the soil, helping to move nutrients and water. Saprophytic fungi break down plant debris and organic matter, building humus and improving soil structure. Some fungi, such as mycorrhizae, form symbiotic relationships with plant roots, increasing nutrient and water uptake. Fungal hyphae bind soil particles into aggregates, which increases soil stability and resistance to compaction and erosion. In a healthy soil, fungi contribute to the balance of the microbiome, helping to repel pathogens and naturally protect plants. Fungi are highly sensitive to mechanical disturbance of the soil, but their filaments can be easily observed in an undisturbed layer of soil consisting of plant stem residues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Protozoans (ciliates, whipworms and amoebae) are single-celled, tiny animals that feed primarily on bacteria, but also consume other protozoa, organic matter and sometimes fungi. When the protozoa eat the bacteria, the excess nutrients are released into the soil in a form directly available to the plants. Through their movement and activity, they promote nutrient distribution and microbial community balance, contributing to soil health and fertility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"worm\"
Worms play an important role in the development of a suitable soil structure<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Nematodes are tiny, non-segmented worms and although many farmers know them primarily for their harmfulness, in reality most of them are an essential part of the food web. They include bacterial and fungal eaters, predators and omnivores. By feeding, like protozoa, they supply the soil with the nutrients that plants can absorb and regulate the populations of the organisms they consume, thus contributing to the balance and ecosystem stability of the soil microbial community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soil-dwelling arthropods are important players in the shredding of organic matter, while worms not only break up organic residues in the soil, but also transport them from the surface to the deeper soil layers. In addition, the movement of the worms and the creation of their burrows promote soil aeration and water retention, improving water infiltration and retention. Worms constantly mix and transform the soil, contributing to the formation of soil structure, the distribution of nutrients and the biological activity of the soil. Worms are excellent indicators of soil biological status. If at least 7 worms can be counted in a spade-track of soil on a mild spring or autumn day, the biological activity of the soil is good. On sand, we count fewer worms than in a more compacted soil, where the number can be over 20 in a single burrow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We can see that the continuous interaction between predators and lower organisms, and the constant recycling of nutrients, helps to maintain the long-term productivity of fertile natural ecosystems without the need for fertiliser year after year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Soil life is extremely complex, with each element essential to the healthy functioning of the soil. The previous examples have shown the importance of the most typical soil organisms and the functions they perform. Unfortunately, in today's sick and depleted soils, this self-sustaining ecosystem has collapsed and in intensively farmed agricultural areas we find almost exclusively bacteria. As a consequence, the nutrient network does not function properly and the vital functions of the soil are lost.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"threadworms\"
Soil-dwelling nematodes are an important part of the nutrient cycle<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Simple management practices to improve soil biological functions<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1. Minimise soil disturbance<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Direct seeding, strip cropping, possibly shallow cultivation all reduce physical disturbance of the soil habitat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Maintain a living root for as much of the year as possible<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Continuous cover of soil with living plants ensures that roots and root exudates constantly nourish and support the soil biota. The use of cover crops prolongs the presence of living roots, provides root exudates, and adds organic matter to the soil that feeds living organisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Permanent cover of the soil<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The permanent cover of the soil with stem residues and mulch ensures the protection of living organisms and provides a continuous supply of nutrients for decomposing organisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Plant diversification<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Cover crop mixtures, crop rotation, intercropping and co-seeding all enhance the biological function of the soil. Plant species diversity provides a variety of root forms, root exudates and plant residue quality, all of which enhance soil biological functioning in unique ways.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Avoiding excessive input use<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Overuse of fertilisers and pesticides can damage biological functions. Too much fertiliser can upset the nutrient cycle, so that plants cannot optimally take it up. With frequent use of chemicals, pests cannot be controlled by their natural enemies, so the balance of soil life is disrupted.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Application of organic substances<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Composts and fertilisers add beneficial micro-organisms to the soil, while providing a source of carbon and nutrients to sustain and support soil life.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. Microbial vaccines<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first step in soil revitalisation is to create suitable habitat. Composts or compost-based preparations can be used to introduce a range of beneficial micro-organisms, but in some cases the use of targeted, cultured inoculants may be justified. However, it is important to stress that the effectiveness of these products is controversial.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Basic conditions for soil life to function<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Soil life requires water, air, organic matter and an adequate supply of minerals. The basis for water and air management is a stable soil structure, and soil organisms do most of the work in building this structure. The carbon cycle provides the energy needed by micro-organisms, while the exploration of minerals and trace elements is largely the result of microbial processes. If the soil is poor in minerals, the micro-organisms are also limited, so in some cases mineral supplementation - most simply in the form of natural stone grinds - may be justified. During the period of revival of the biological system, while the natural processes of the food web are being restored, the soil may become hungrier, as not only the crop plants but also the reproducing organisms need to be fed. Every soil and every farm is unique, so there are no tried and tested recipes in this system. The success of organic farming depends on the farmer's openness, recognition of nature's patterns and ability to integrate new knowledge.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What soil life teaches us<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The soil food web - or, more precisely, the web of soil life of which we are an integral part - is a highly complex system, the workings of which are still only partially understood. This article has only given a brief insight into this vast and complex world. Yet it is clear that soil biology is essential to maintaining healthy soils, providing food for mankind and halting soil degradation. The farmer's greatest ally is soil life. For those of us who work with the land, one of our most important tasks is to nurture, nourish and carefully protect this system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

AUTHOR: V\u00cdG VIT\u00c1LIA \u2022 SOIL ECOLOGIST, EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM MANAGER FOR THE ASSOCIATION OF SOIL REGENERATION FARMERS, FOUNDER OF TERRAVITKA<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Soils are being degraded faster than ever by two agricultural practices: tillage - especially deep ploughing - and the use of agrochemicals and fertilisers. The first destroys the soil structure, destroying the habitat of soil organisms, while the chemicals destroy soil-dwelling organisms.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":478,"featured_media":11943,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11941","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-talaj"],"yoast_head":"\nA talaj \u00e9l\u0151l\u00e9nyei a gondos gazda legfontosabb sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gesei - Talajmeg\u00faj\u00edt\u00f3 Gazd\u00e1k Egyes\u00fclete<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tmg.hu\/en\/the-soil-is-the-most-important-tool-for-the-careful-farmer\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A talaj \u00e9l\u0151l\u00e9nyei a gondos gazda legfontosabb sz\u00f6vets\u00e9gesei - Talajmeg\u00faj\u00edt\u00f3 Gazd\u00e1k Egyes\u00fclete\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A talajokat k\u00e9t mez\u0151gazdas\u00e1gi gyakorlat degrad\u00e1lja mindenn\u00e9l gyorsabban: a talajm\u0171vel\u00e9s \u2013 k\u00fcl\u00f6n\u00f6sen a m\u00e9ly sz\u00e1nt\u00e1s \u2013, \u00e9s az agrokemik\u00e1li\u00e1k, m\u0171tr\u00e1gy\u00e1k haszn\u00e1lata. 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