{"id":11001,"date":"2025-10-19T23:53:02","date_gmt":"2025-10-19T21:53:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tmg.hu\/?p=11001"},"modified":"2026-01-21T14:59:37","modified_gmt":"2026-01-21T13:59:37","slug":"the-mitosis-of-humus-and-the-reanalysis-of-soil-organic-matter","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tmg.hu\/en\/the-mitosis-of-humus-and-the-reanalysis-of-soil-organic-matter\/","title":{"rendered":"The myth of humus and a new interpretation of soil organic matter"},"content":{"rendered":"

Soil has long been considered a kind of \u201eblack box\u201d where plant remains undergo some mysterious chemical transformation alongside biodegradation, giving rise to humus, one of the most important and almost magical components of soil. The classical theory of humus, based on the chemical synthesis of difficult-to-degrade organic matter, has defined the thinking of soil science for the last two centuries. But research in recent decades has fundamentally challenged this picture.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

According to recent scientific findings, soil humus is not a chemically stable substance over the long term, but a constantly changing mixture of organic compounds in different states. These are partly the remains of dead organisms and partly microbial metabolites, whose fate depends largely on their physical environment: either they are accessible to decomposing organisms or they become more persistent when trapped in mineral surfaces or aggregates.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This shift in approach also marks a radical new direction in soil management: the key to organic matter conservation is to avoid soil disturbance as much as possible in order to protect soil life processes and physical structure.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The microbiological roots: soil as an external digestive system<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Anne Bikl\u00e9 <\/em>and David Montgomery<\/em> (2016): soil is not a self-contained organism, yet in many ways it functions like an external intestinal system. The micro-organisms that live in soil demolished and transformed<\/a> organic matter, which then becomes nutrients that plants can absorb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The same microbial logic works in the human gut, around the roots of plants and in the soil: microbes acquire and transform compounds that are essential for their hosts (humans, animals or plants). This microbiome approach is revolutionising our understanding of soil: soil organic matter turnover cannot be separated from the metabolism of living organisms.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The demolition of the hops theory<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The conventional view is that durable humus is made up of large molecules of chemically stable polymers that resist decomposition and remain in the soil for centuries. In contrast Markus Kleber<\/em> and John Lehmann<\/em> Published in 2015 in Nature \u201eThe contentious nature of soil organic matter<\/em>\u201d, they pointed out that there is no conclusive evidence for the humus material<\/a>synthesise the cause in this form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the authors, soil organic matter is not a set of discrete, stable compounds, but a mixture of organic molecules that are constantly decomposing and changing. The key to durability is not chemical resistance, but the fact that organic matter is physically inaccessible to degrading organisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Soil Continuum Model<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A\u00a0Lehmann-Glue<\/em>-approach grew out of the\u00a0Soil Continuum Model<\/em>, which states that there is no sharp boundary between fresh organic matter, intermediate conditions and \u201ehumus\u201d. Organic matter is in a constant state of flux, always depending on whether microbes have access to it or whether it remains locked up. This way of thinking replaces the previous \u201estable humus\u201d paradigm and provides a dynamic, networked view of soil organic matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Physical protection: a guarantee of durable organic material<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Durability is therefore not chemical magic, but physical protection. Jennifer Dungait<\/em> and colleagues<\/em> (2012) have experimentally demonstrated that the fate of organic matter is mainly accessibility to microbes<\/strong> dependent. This can be achieved through two main mechanisms:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Mineral attachment: organic molecules adsorb to the surface of clay minerals and oxides, where they are more difficult for microbes to reach.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Micro-aggregation: small crumbs that form in the soil structure physically block organic matter from decomposing organisms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This explains why soil disturbance leads to rapid carbon loss: the plough breaks up aggregates, releasing previously protected organic matter, which is then rapidly decomposed and released into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Roots and microbes: sources of organic matter<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The plant root system and root exudates play a crucial role in the formation of persistent organic matter. Living roots continuously release organic compounds into the soil that feed microbial communities. These microbes break down organic matter and then incorporate it into the soil organic matter pool through their own bodies and metabolites. In arable practice, this means that the presence of a permanent living root system (e.g. through cover crops) not only protects the soil from erosion, but also provides a continuous source of organic matter.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Humus or organic matter?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The \u201ehumus% content\u201d in the soil test results is in fact an indication of the total organic matter content of the sample. In laboratories, organic carbon compounds in the soil are typically oxidised with bichromate, a sulphuric acid alkali. The colour of the solution is measured colorimetrically and the result is used to infer the amount of carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The resulting value is multiplied by a multiplication factor (1.724), which is based on an assumption: this number takes into account the approximate proportions of oxygen, hydrogen and other elements. The process is therefore based on a strong oxidative destruction that dissolves all organic matter, both living and dead.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Therefore, when we talk about \u201ehumus content\u201d based on laboratory analysis, we are really talking about the the percentage of total organic matter<\/strong> we value. This includes plant and animal remains, micro-organisms living and dead biomass,<\/strong> microbial metabolites, as well as organic compounds that become protected in the long term, partly by binding to mineral particles or in the pores of aggregates. In the light of this, it would be appropriate to treat the terms \u201ehumus\u201d and \u201eorganic matter\u201d as synonymous and to extend the concept to cover all living and dead organic components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Soil continuity model following Lehmann and Kleber<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Microbial origin of soil organic matter<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

A significant part of soil organic matter, especially the persistent organic matter fractions, is of microbial origin. The metabolites of micro-organisms are the cell walls and decomposition products of dead individuals that are incorporated into the soil matrix over long periods of time. Thus, persistent organic matter is not directly derived from plants, but is retained through microbial activity, playing a key role in soil carbon storage and fertility (Miltner et al.,<\/em>\u00a02012;\u00a0Dohnalkova et al.,<\/em>\u00a02017).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

What does this mean in practice?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The practical message of the scientific findings is clear:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- We need to reduce fluffing. A regenerative methods<\/a> and no-till systems are essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Permanent rooting must be ensured. During and outside the growing season through cover crops, varied crop rotation, intercropping and perennial components.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

- Soil life needs to be nourished. By leaving stem residues in place, maintaining a constant plant cover, providing diverse photosynthesis products and root exudates through diverse vegetation, and minimising chemical loading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The practice of the Soil Renewal Farmers' Association also shows that abandoning tilling and support natural processes<\/a> to preserve and increase the soil organic matter stock in the long term. However, it is important to know that regenerative exercises<\/strong> will improve soil structure, water retention and nutrient management much sooner than a significant change in humus content. Laboratory tests of humus% indicate the total organic matter content of the soil, but to understand the current biological activity and readily available carbon stocks of the soil, it is also worth measuring labile or active carbon (POXC), which responds more quickly to improvements in soil health (see box below).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Humus-rich, living, undisturbed soil covered with permanent vegetation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Humus is not a magical, chemically stable substance, but a common product of the soil's biota and physical structure. Microbial activity and physical protection are necessary for the formation of durable organic matter. This realisation opens up a new way of soil management: instead of trying to \u201ebuild humus\u201d with external inputs, we need to maintain soil life, protect its unstructured structure and ensure root continuity. After all, living vegetation can produce organic matter to feed the life of the soil, which ultimately produces much of the permanent humus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By following the principles above, we not only preserve the organic matter content of our soils, but also improve the nutritional value of our food in the long term and contribute to mitigating climate change.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The metabolites of microorganisms are the cell walls and decomposition products of dead individuals that are incorporated into the soil matrix over the long term<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n
\n

Activated carbon - the \u201efast moving\u201d organic matter in soil<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Activated carbon, also known as permanganate oxidizable carbon (POXC), is a readily available, microbially active fraction of soil carbon that responds rapidly to soil management measures. This concept was introduced by Ray R. Weil and colleagues in 2003, who proposed a simple and sensitive laboratory and field method for the detection of activated carbon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The measurement consists of treating the soil sample with a mild bichromate or permanganate oxidation for a short time (about 2 minutes) and then measuring the decrease in permanganate colour intensity with a spectrophotometer. This procedure reacts only the most readily oxidizable, labile carbon forms, including fresh plant residues, root exudates and microbial metabolites, which are a direct source of energy and nutrients for the soil microbial community.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Activated carbon is therefore the \u201efast-moving currency\u201d of soil: its quantity quickly reflects the impact of management practices such as rotation, cover crops or organic matter re-suspension. It correlates better with microbial activity, soil respiration and aggregate stability than total organic matter, making it an ideal indicator for monitoring soil health on a daily basis.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Lehmann, J., & Kleber, M. (2015) The contentious nature of soil organic matter. Nature, 528, 60-68.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dungait, J. A. J., Hopkins, D. W., Gregory, A. S., & Whitmore, A. P. (2012). soil organic matter turnover is governed by accessibility not recalcitrance. global change biology, 18(6), 1781-1796.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Montgomery, D. R., & Bikl\u00e9, A. (2016) The Hidden Half of Nature: the Microbial Roots of Life and Health, W. W. Norton & Company.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weil, R. R., Islam, K. R., Stine, M. A., Gruver, J. B., & Samson-Liebig, S. E. (2003). Estimating active carbon for soil quality assessment: a simplified method for laboratory and field use. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, 18(1), 3-17. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1079\/AJAA200228<\/em><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Miltner, A., Bombach, P., Schmidt-Br\u00fccken, B., & K\u00e4stner, M. (2012). SOM genesis: Microbial biomass as a significant source. Biogeochemistry, 111(1-3), 41-55. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10533\u2011012\u20119762\u20114<\/em><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dohnalkova, A. C., Tfaily, M. M., Smith, A. P., Chu, R. K., Crump, A. R., Brislawn, C. J., Varga, T., Shi, Z., Thomashow, L. S., Harsh, J. B., & Keller, C. K. (2017).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Molecular and Microscopic Insights into the Formation of Soil Organic Matter in a Red Pine Rhizosphere, Soils, 1(1), 4. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/soils1010004<\/em><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Weil, R. R., Islam, K. R., Stine, M. A., Gruver, J. B., & Samson-Liebig, S. E. (2003). Estimating active carbon for soil quality assessment: a simplified method for laboratory and field use. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 67(3), 968-979. <\/em>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2136\/sssaj2003.9680ResearchGate<\/em><\/a><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

AUTHOR: V\u00cdG VIT\u00c1LIA \u2022 SOIL ECOLOGIST, EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM MANAGER FOR THE ASSOCIATION OF SOIL REGENERATION FARMERS, FOUNDER OF TERRAVITKA
Photos: shutterstock.com<\/em><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<\/blockquote>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

A talajt sok\u00e1ig egyfajta \u201efekete doboznak\u201d tekintett\u00e9k, ahol a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi maradv\u00e1nyok a biol\u00f3giai leboml\u00e1s mellett valamilyen rejt\u00e9lyes k\u00e9miai \u00e1talakul\u00e1son mennek kereszt\u00fcl, \u00e9s ebb\u0151l sz\u00fcletik a humusz, a talaj egyik legfontosabb, szinte var\u00e1zslatosnak tekintett alkot\u00f3eleme. A nehezen bonthat\u00f3 szerves anyagok k\u00e9miai szint\u00e9zis\u00e9n alapul\u00f3 klasszikus humuszelm\u00e9let hat\u00e1rozta meg a talajtan gondolkod\u00e1sm\u00f3dj\u00e1t az elm\u00falt k\u00e9t \u00e9vsz\u00e1zadban. Az ut\u00f3bbi […]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":141,"featured_media":11002,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[48],"tags":[45],"class_list":["post-11001","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-talaj","tag-cikk"],"yoast_head":"\nA humusz m\u00edtosza \u00e9s a talaj szerves anyag\u00e1nak \u00faj \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se - Talajmeg\u00faj\u00edt\u00f3 Gazd\u00e1k Egyes\u00fclete<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/tmg.hu\/en\/the-mitosis-of-humus-and-the-reanalysis-of-soil-organic-matter\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"A humusz m\u00edtosza \u00e9s a talaj szerves anyag\u00e1nak \u00faj \u00e9rtelmez\u00e9se - Talajmeg\u00faj\u00edt\u00f3 Gazd\u00e1k Egyes\u00fclete\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A talajt sok\u00e1ig egyfajta \u201efekete doboznak\u201d tekintett\u00e9k, ahol a n\u00f6v\u00e9nyi maradv\u00e1nyok a biol\u00f3giai leboml\u00e1s mellett valamilyen rejt\u00e9lyes k\u00e9miai \u00e1talakul\u00e1son mennek kereszt\u00fcl, \u00e9s ebb\u0151l sz\u00fcletik a humusz, a talaj egyik legfontosabb, szinte var\u00e1zslatosnak tekintett alkot\u00f3eleme. A nehezen bonthat\u00f3 szerves anyagok k\u00e9miai szint\u00e9zis\u00e9n alapul\u00f3 klasszikus humuszelm\u00e9let hat\u00e1rozta meg a talajtan gondolkod\u00e1sm\u00f3dj\u00e1t az elm\u00falt k\u00e9t \u00e9vsz\u00e1zadban. 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